The Prison-Industrial Complex

Is prison overcrowding a vexing problem or a tempting opportunity? It depends on whether you see the  nearly 2  million Americans locked in prison cells  as  a  tragic  collection of misspent lives or a  vast self-sustaining supply of cheap labor. To be sure, the growing prison-industrial complex, for better or worse, views the inmate population as the latter. Derived from the  Cold War-era  term â€Å"military-industrial complex,† the term â€Å"prison-industrial complex† (PIC) refers to a combination of private-sector and government interests that profit from  increased  spending on prisons, whether it is truly justified or not. Rather than a covert conspiracy, the PIC is criticized as a convergence of self-serving special interest groups that openly encourage new prison construction, while discouraging the advancement of reforms intended to reduce the inmate population. In general, the prison-industrial complex is made up of: Politicians who play on fear by running on â€Å"get tough on crime† platforms.State and federal  lobbyists  who represent prison industries and the companies that profit from cheap prison labor.Depressed rural areas that depend on prisons for their economic survival.Private  companies that view the  $35 billion spent each year on corrections  as creating a lucrative market, rather than imposing a drain on taxpayers. Influenced by prison industry lobbyists, some members of Congress may be persuaded to press for  harsher federal sentencing laws  that will send more non-violent offenders to prison, while opposing prison reform and inmate rights legislation. Prison Inmate Jobs   As the only Americans not protected from slavery and forced labor by the  Thirteenth Amendment  to the U.S. Constitution, prison inmates have historically been required to perform  routine prison maintenance jobs. Today, however, many inmates take part in work programs that make products and provide services for the private sector and government agencies. Typically paid far below the  federal minimum wage, inmates now build furniture, make clothing, operate telemarketing call centers, raise and harvest crops, and produce  uniforms for the U.S. military. For example, the signature line of jeans and t-shirts Prison  Blues  is produced by inmate-workers at the Eastern Oregon Correctional Institute. Employing more than 14,000 inmates nationwide, one government-managed prison labor agency produces equipment for the U.S. Department of Defense. Wages Paid to Inmate Workers   According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), inmates in prison work programs earn from 95 cents to $4.73 per day. Federal law allows the prisons to deduct up to 80% of their wages for taxes, government programs to assist crime victims, and the costs of incarceration. Prisons also deduct small amounts of money from inmates required to pay child support. In addition, some prisons deduct money for mandatory savings accounts intended to help convicts become re-established in the free community after their release. After deductions, participating inmates netted about $4.1 million of the $10.5 million total wages paid by prison work programs from April to  June  2012, according to the BLS. In privately-run prisons, inmate workers typically make as little as 17 cents per hour for a six-hour day, a total of about $20 per month. As a result, inmate workers in federally-operated prisons find their wages quite generous. Earning an average of $1.25 an hour for an eight-hour day with occasional overtime, federal inmates can net from $200-$300 per month. The Pros and Cons   Proponents of the prison-industrial complex argue that rather than unfairly making the best of a bad situation, prison work programs contribute to the inmates’ rehabilitation by providing job training opportunities. Prison jobs keep inmates busy and out of trouble, and money generated from the sales of prison industries products and services help maintain the prison system, thus easing the burden on taxpayers. Opponents of the prison-industrial complex  contend  that the typically low-skill jobs and minimal training offered by prison work programs simply do not prepare inmates to enter the workforce in the communities to which they will eventually return after their release. In addition, the growing trend toward privately-operated prisons has forced states to pay for the cost of contracts for outsourced incarceration. Money deducted from wages paid to inmates goes to increase the profits of the private prison companies rather than decreasing the cost of incarceration to taxpayers. According to its critics, the effect of the prison-industrial complex can be seen in the stark statistic that while the violent crime rate in the  United States has fallen by about  20% since 1991, the number of inmates in U.S. prisons and jails has grown by 50%. How Businesses View Prison Labor   Private sector businesses that use inmate workers profit from significantly lower labor costs. For example, an Ohio company that supplies parts to Honda pays its prison workers $2 an hour for the same work regular union  auto  workers  are paid $20 to $30 an hour. Konica-Minolta pays its prison workers 50 cents an hour to repair its copiers. In addition, businesses are not required to provide benefits like vacations, health care, and sick leave for inmate workers. Similarly, businesses are free to hire, terminate, and set pay rates for inmate workers without the collective bargaining limitations often imposed by  labor unions. On the downside, small businesses often lose manufacturing contracts to prison industries because they are unable to match the low production costs of a vast pool of low-paid convict workers. Since 2012, several small companies that had historically produced uniforms for the U.S. military have been forced to lay off workers after losing contracts to UNICOR, a government-owned prison labor program. Civil Rights Civil rights groups argue that the practices of the prison-industrial complex  lead to the building, expanding prisons mainly for the purpose of creating employment opportunities utilizing prisoner labor at the expense of the inmates themselves. For example, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) contends that the prison-industrial complex’s drive for profit through privatization of prisons has actually contributed to the continued growth of America’s prison population. In addition, the ACLU argues that the construction of new prisons solely for their profit potential will ultimately  result  in  the often unjust and lengthy imprisonment of  millions  of additional  Americans, with a disproportionately high number of the poor and people of color being jailed.

The Better Morality Kant and Aristotle on Happiness

Immanuel Kant and Aristotle agree that all rational beings desire happiness and that all rational beings at least should desire moral righteousness. However, their treatments of the relationship between the two are starkly opposed. While Aristotle argues that happiness and morality are nearly synonymous (in the respect that virtue necessarily leads to happiness), Kant claims that not only does happiness have no place in the realm of morality, but that a moral action usually must contradict the actor’s own inclination toward happiness. Because Kant and Aristotle hold practically equal definitions of happiness, the difference must arise from the respective relationships between happiness and each author’s framework of morality. Because Kant†¦show more content†¦Likewise, Kant says that there is no reliable concept of happiness (4:399) and that we can only infer the objects related to happiness through experience, which is inherently misleading as a source of trut h (4:418). Lastly, both philosophers believe that happiness relies on reason. As previously discussed, Aristotle’s conception of the path to happiness depends entirely on our use of reason to conduct virtuous activity. And although Kant says that reason distances us from happiness (4:395), I argue that reason and science have raised our standard of living throughout history. Does he really believe that the cavemen huddling around fires were happier than the healthier, longer-living and more enlightened modern man? Furthermore, reason gives us the tools to pursue wealth and power, whose category he labels as happiness. Lastly, he specifically calls happiness â€Å"Power, riches, honor, even health, and the entire well-being and contentment with one’s condition† (4:393). Self-awareness is a faculty of cognizance, and thus to be â€Å"content with one’s condition† requires some level of reason. Thus, as I have shown, Kant’s and Aristotleâ€℠¢s definitions of happiness are equal: both require fortune, neither is universal, and both require reason. If both philosophers define happiness in equal terms, yet treat it in opposite manners, then the difference must arise in theirShow MoreRelatedComparing Aristotle And John Stuart Mill1130 Words   |  5 PagesEthics 28 April 2015 Essay 2 Comparisons on Pleasure in Morality The role of pleasure in morality has been examined thoroughly throughout the beginning of philosophy and continues to be a questionable issue. With these in-depth examinations, some similar outlooks as well as differing views have been recorded. Many philosophers have dissected this important topic, however I intend to concentrate of the famous works of Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill. After meticulously analyzing eachRead MoreAristotle And Aristotle s Views On Morality1394 Words   |  6 PagesBoth Aristotle and Aquinas, are both considered to be in the discussion of ancient/medieval thinkers. Though these individuals have differences in certain viewpoints, their overall ideology puts them in a grouping that is different from the individuals considered to be late modern thinkers (i.e. Kant and Mill). The discussions made in this essay will elaborate on the contexts of what each of the thinkers considered to be relevant to the making of moral judgments, how each t hink believed that decisionsRead MoreThe Moral Dispute Of John Stuart Mill And Immanuel Kant1500 Words   |  6 PagesThesis statement The philosopher Aristotle took the challenge of developing a full-fledged account of virtues that could stand on its own merits rather than simply criticize. He spoke about Eudaimonia meaning happiness of which he defined as the good. â€Å"The good, therefore, has been well defined as that at which all things aim.† His theories for happiness and fulfillment followed a theme of pain and pleasure and the proper function. He raised objections to the normative theories by defining his oppositionRead MoreAristotle And Kant : Virtue Ethics1847 Words   |  8 PagesAristotle and Kant are great philosophers who have made substantial efforts to focus on the issue of virtue ethics. Virtue ethics is a wide term for principles that focus on the moral act that brings about good values. Aristotle and Kant are virtue ethicist since they attempt to offer moral advice to the society. Most virtue ethicist emulates Aristotle who affirmed that a righteous person should have the ideal traits. Th ese traits originate from natural innermost tendencies but societies need toRead More Ethical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation977 Words   |  4 Pagesof Mill, Kant, Aristotle, Nietzsche, and the ethics of care? III For Mill, the question is what is the relation between his (metaethical) empirical naturalism and his (normative) qualitatively hedonist value theory and his utilitarian moral theory? One place we can see Mill?s empiricism is his treatment, in Chapter III, of the question of why the principle of utility is ?binding?, how it can generate a moral obligation. Compare Mill?s treatment of this question with Kant?s treatmentRead MoreMorality and Happiness1613 Words   |  7 PagesMorality has been a term of debate for several years by intellectuals who have not come to the final conclusion of its definition. According to Damon (5), morality is an existing, multifaceted construct that may not be pinned down by any single definitional criteria which is flexible. The moral character has long been associated with happiness which is that state of having achieved ones desires although there are some disconnections. Several theories have been forwarded in connection to moralityRead MoreKant And Kant s Moral Philosophy Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pagesapproach and method to arriving at a moral decision. This is an overview of Kant, Mill, Aristotle and Held s moral approaches as well as their similarities and differences to each other. Kant s main point in The Categorical Imperative is that the morality of one s actions should be judged based on the motives behind the action. Kant also states that the only correct maxims are those which are universal laws. According to Kant, our maxims should be in accordance with universal laws, such as stealingRead MoreThe Formula Of Universal Law Of The Categorical Imperative1322 Words   |  6 Pages1. What is, according to Kant, the only kind of motive for action that has genuine moral worth? According to Kant, the act from duty is the only kind of motive for actions that has moral grounds. This shows someone determination towards act on any circumstances. This act from duty is to do right things for specific reason, in this matter motive plays a key role. Motives which lead humanity have more standing rather than selfish motive or self-agenda. 2. State the Formula of Universal Law of theRead MoreComparing The Theories Of Aristotle And Kants Theory Of Ethics884 Words   |  4 PagesIn this paper, I will compare the theories of Aristotle and Kant on the basis of ethics. I will be examining Aristotle’s theory of virtue in which his focus is â€Å"What is a Good Life† and Kant’s theory of deontological ethics in which the moral worth of an action lies in the duty upon which moral actions are engendered. To begin, Aristotles moral theory (theory of virtue) focuses on questions about what is good? His focus is What is the good life? What does it mean to be a good person? (KemerlingRead MoreHappiness Is Principal Of Convincing People1502 Words   |  7 PagesHappiness is Principal in Convincing People to Act Morally Right Aristotle argues that virtues lie between their relevant vices and that one must act in accordance with virtues in order to have a good character. Kant argues that happiness is not an appropriate gauge for one’s moral rightness, rather one must apply the categorical imperative to analyze the soundness of one’s morality. Mill argues that the greatest amount of happiness amongst the greatest number of people is the ultimate gauge for

Physical Properties and Reactions free essay sample

These pages explain the relationship between the physical properties of the oxides of Period 3 elements (sodium to chlorine) and their structures. Argon is obviously omitted because it doesnt form an oxide. A quick summary of the trends The oxides The oxides well be looking at are: |Na2O |MgO |Al2O3 |SiO2 |P4O10 |SO3 |Cl2O7 | | | | | |P4O6 |SO2 |Cl2O | Those oxides in the top row are known as the highest oxides of the various elements. These are the oxides where the Period 3 elements are in their highest oxidation states. In these oxides, all the outer electrons in the Period 3 element are being involved in the bonding from just the one with sodium, to all seven of chlorines outer electrons. The structures The trend in structure is from the metallic oxides containing giant structures of ions on the left of the period via a giant covalent oxide (silicon dioxide) in the middle to molecular oxides on the right. Melting and boiling points The giant structures (the metal oxides and silicon dioxide) will have high melting and boiling points because a lot of energy is needed to break the strong bonds (ionic or covalent) operating in three dimensions. The oxides of phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine consist of individual molecules some small and simple; others polymeric. The attractive forces between these molecules will be van der Waals dispersion and dipole-dipole interactions. These vary in size depending on the size, shape and polarity of the various molecules but will always be much weaker than the ionic or covalent bonds you need to break in a giant structure. These oxides tend to be gases, liquids or low melting point solids. Electrical conductivity None of these oxides has any free or mobile electrons. That means that none of them will conduct electricity when they are solid. The ionic oxides can, however, undergo electrolysis when they are molten. They can conduct electricity because of the movement of the ions towards the electrodes and the discharge of the ions when they get there. The metallic oxides The structures Sodium, magnesium and aluminum oxides consist of giant structures containing metal ions and oxide ions. Melting and boiling points There are strong attractions between the ions in each of these oxides and these attractions need a lot of heat energy to break. These oxides therefore have high melting and boiling points. Electrical conductivity None of these conducts electricity in the solid state, but electrolysis is possible if they are molten. They conduct electricity because of the movement and discharge of the ions present. The only important example of this is in the electrolysis of aluminum oxide in the manufacture of aluminum. Whether you can electrolyze molten sodium oxide depends, of course, on whether it actually melts instead of subliming or decomposing under ordinary circumstances. If it sublimes, you wont get any liquid to electrolyze! Magnesium and aluminum oxides have melting points far too high to be able to electrolyze them in a simple lab. Silicon dioxide (silicon(IV) oxide) The structure The electronegativity of the elements increases as you go across the period, and by the time you get to silicon, there isnt enough electronegativity difference between the silicon and the oxygen to form an ionic bond. Silicon dioxide is a giant covalent structure. There are three different crystal forms of silicon dioxide. The easiest one to remember and draw is based on the diamond structure. Melting and boiling points Silicon dioxide has a high melting point varying depending on what the particular structure is (remember that the structure given is only one of three possible structures), but they are all around 1700 °C. Very strong silicon-oxygen covalent bonds have to be broken throughout the structure before melting occurs. Silicon dioxide boils at 2230 °C. Because you are talking about a different form of bonding, it doesnt make sense to try to compare these values directly with the metallic oxides. What you can safely say is that because the metallic oxides and silicon dioxide have giant structures, the melting and boiling points are all high. Electrical conductivity Silicon dioxide doesnt have any mobile electrons or ions so it doesnt conduct electricity either as a solid or a liquid. The molecular oxides Phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine all form oxides which consist of molecules. Some of these molecules are fairly simple others are polymeric. We are just going to look at some of the simple ones. Melting and boiling points of these oxides will be much lower than those of the metal oxides or silicon dioxide. The intermolecular forces holding one molecule to its neighbors’ will be van der Waals dispersion forces or dipole-dipole interactions. The strength of these will vary depending on the size of the molecules. None of these oxides conducts electricity either as solids or as liquids. None of them contains ions or free electrons. The phosphorus oxides Phosphorus has two common oxides, phosphorus (III) oxide, P4O6, and phosphorus (V) oxide, P4O10. Phosphorus (III) oxide (tetraphosphorus hexoxide) Phosphorus (III) oxide is a white solid, melting at 24 °C and boiling at 173 °C. The phosphorus is using only three of its outer electrons (the 3 unpaired p electrons) to form bonds with the oxygens. Phosphorus (V) oxide (tetraphosphorus decoxide) Phosphorus (V) oxide is also a white solid, subliming (turning straight from solid to vapour) at 300 °C. In this case, the phosphorus uses all five of its outer electrons in the bonding. Solid phosphorus(V) oxide exists in several different forms some of them polymeric. We are going to concentrate on a simple molecular form, and this is also present in the vapour. This is most easily drawn starting from P4O6. The other four oxygens are attached to the four phosphorus atoms via double bonds. [pic] The sulphur oxides Sulphur has two common oxides, sulphur dioxide (sulphur (IV) oxide), SO2, and sulphur trioxide (sulphur (VI) oxide), SO3. Sulphur dioxide Sulphur dioxide is a colourless gas at room temperature with an easily recognized choking smell. It consists of simple SO2 molecules. [pic] The sulphur uses 4 of its outer electrons to form the double bonds with the oxygen, leaving the other two as a lone pair on the sulphur. The bent shape of SO2 is due to this lone pair. Sulphur trioxide Pure sulphur trioxide is a white solid with a low melting and boiling point. It reacts very rapidly with water vapour in the air to form sulphuric acid. That means that if you make some in the lab, you tend to see it as a white sludge which fumes dramatically in moist air (forming a fog of sulphuric acid droplets). Gaseous sulphur trioxide consists of simple SO3 molecules in which all six of the sulphurs outer electrons are involved in the bonding. [pic] There are various forms of solid sulphur trioxide. The simplest one is a trimer, S3O9, where three SO3 molecules are joined up and arranged in a ring. The fact that the simple molecules join up in this way to make bigger structures is what makes the sulphur trioxide a solid rather than a gas. The chlorine oxides Chlorine forms several oxides. Here we are just looking at two of them – chlorine (I) oxide (dichlorine monoxide), Cl2O, and chlorine (VII) oxide (dichlorine heptoxide), Cl2O7. Chlorine (I) oxide (dichlorine monoxide) Chlorine (I) oxide is a yellowish-red gas at room temperature. It consists of simple small molecules. [pic] Theres nothing in the least surprising about this molecule and its physical properties are just what you would expect for a molecule this size. Chlorine (VII) oxide (dichlorine heptoxide) In chlorine (VII) oxide, the chlorine uses all of its seven outer electrons in bonds with oxygen. This produces a much bigger molecule, and so you would expect its melting point and boiling point to be higher than chlorine (I) oxide. Chlorine (VII) oxide is a colourless oily liquid at room temperature. The diagram has been drawn as a standard structural formula for simplicity. In fact, the shape is tetrahedral around both chlorines, and V-shaped around the central oxygen. [pic] PROPERTIES OF THE PERIOD 3 CHLORIDES This page looks at the structures of the chlorides of the Period 3 elements (sodium to sulphur*), their physical properties and their reactions with water. Chlorine and argon are omitted chlorine because it is meaningless to talk about chlorine chloride, and argon because it doesnt form a chloride. A quick summary of the trends The chlorides The chlorides well be looking at are: |NaCl |MgCl2 |AlCl3 |SiCl4 |PCl5 |S2Cl2 | | | | | |PCl3 | | As you will see later, aluminum chloride exists in some circumstances as a dimer, Al2Cl6. The structures Sodium chloride and magnesium chloride are ionic and consist of giant ionic lattices at room temperature Aluminum chloride and phosphorus (V) chloride are tricky! They change their structure from ionic to covalent when the solid turns to a liquid or vapour. There is much more about this later on this page. The others are simple covalent molecules. Melting and boiling points Sodium and magnesium chlorides are solids with high melting and boiling points because of the large amount of heat (energy) which is needed to break the strong ionic attractions. The rest are liquids or low melting point solids. Leaving aside the aluminum chloride and phosphorus (V) chloride cases where the situation is quite complicated, the attractions in the others will be much weaker intermolecular forces such as van der Waals dispersion forces. These vary depending on the size and shape of the molecule, but will always be far weaker than ionic bonds. Electrical conductivity Sodium and magnesium chlorides are ionic and so will undergo electrolysis when they are molten. Electricity is carried by the movement of the ions and their discharge at the electrodes. In the aluminum chloride and phosphorus (V) chloride cases, the solid doesnt conduct electricity because the ions arent free to move. In the liquid (where it exists both of these sublime at ordinary pressures), they have converted into a covalent form, and so dont conduct either. The rest of the chlorides dont conduct electricity either solid or molten because they dont have any ions or any mobile electrons. Reactions with water As an approximation, the simple ionic chlorides (sodium and magnesium chloride) just dissolve in water. The other chlorides all react with water in a variety of ways described below for each individual chloride. The reaction with water is known as hydrolysis. The Individual Chlorides Sodium chloride, NaCl Sodium chloride is a simple ionic compound consisting of a giant array of sodium and chloride ions. A small representative bit of a sodium chloride lattice looks like this: [pic] This is normally drawn in an exploded form as: [pic] The strong attractions between the positive and negative ions need a lot of heat energy to break, and so sodium chloride has high melting and boiling points. It doesnt conduct electricity in the solid state because it hasnt any mobile electrons and the ions arent free to move. However, when it melts it undergoes electrolysis. Sodium chloride simply dissolves in water to give a neutral solution. Magnesium chloride, MgCl2 Magnesium chloride is also ionic, but with a more complicated arrangement of the ions to allow for having twice as many chloride ions as magnesium ions. Again, lots of heat energy is needed to overcome the attractions between the ions, and so the melting and boiling points are again high. Solid magnesium chloride is a non-conductor of electricity because the ions arent free to move. However, it undergoes electrolysis when the ions become free on melting. Magnesium chloride dissolves in water to give a faintly acidic solution (pH = approximately 6). When magnesium ions are broken off the solid lattice and go into solution, there is enough attraction between the 2+ ions and the water molecules to get co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonds formed between the magnesium ions and lone pairs on surrounding water molecules. Hexaaquamagnesium ions are formed, [Mg(H2O)6]2+. [pic][pic] Ions of this sort are acidic the degree of acidity depending on how much the electrons in the water molecules are pulled towards the metal at the centre of the ion. The hydrogens are made more positive than they would otherwise be, and more easily pulled off by a base. In the magnesium case, the amount of distortion is quite small, and only a small proportion of the hydrogen atoms are removed by a base in this case, by water molecules in the solution. [pic][pic] The presence of the hydronium ions in the solution causes it to be acidic. The fact that there arent many of them formed (the position of equilibrium lies well to the left), means that the solution is only weakly acidic. You may also find the last equation in a simplified form: [pic][pic] Hydrogen ions in solution are hydronium ions. If you use this form, it is essential to include the state symbols. Aluminum chloride, AlCl3 Electronegativity increases as you go across the period and, by the time you get to aluminum; there isnt enough electronegativity difference between aluminum and chlorine for there to be a simple ionic bond. Aluminum chloride is complicated by the way its structure changes as temperature increases. At room temperature, the aluminum in aluminum chloride is 6-coordinated. That means that each aluminum is surrounded by 6 chlorines. The structure is an ionic lattice although with a lot of covalent character. At ordinary atmospheric pressure, aluminum chloride sublimes (turns straight from solid to vapour) at about 180 °C. If the pressure is raised to just over 2 atmospheres, it melts instead at a temperature of 192 °C. Both of these temperatures, of course, are completely wrong for an ionic compound they are much too low. They suggest comparatively weak attractions between molecules not strong attractions between ions. The coordination of the aluminum changes at these temperatures. It becomes 4-coordinated each aluminum now being surrounded by 4 chlorines rather than 6. What happens is that the original lattice has converted into Al2Cl6 molecules. [pic] This conversion means, of course, that you have completely lost any ionic character which is why the aluminum chloride vaporizes or melts (depending on the pressure). There is an equilibrium between these dimers and simple AlCl3 molecules. As the temperature increases further, the position of equilibrium shifts more and more to the right. [pic][pic] Summary †¢ At room temperature, solid aluminum chloride has an ionic lattice with a lot of covalent character. At temperatures around 180 190 °C (depending on the pressure), aluminum chloride coverts to a molecular form, Al2Cl6. This causes it to melt or vaporize because there are now only comparatively weak intermolecular attractions. †¢ As the temperature increases a bit more, it increasingly breaks up into simple AlCl3 molecules. Solid aluminum chloride doesnt conduct electricity at room temperature because the ions arent free to move. Mo lten aluminum chloride (only possible at increased pressures) doesnt conduct electricity because there arent any ions any more. The aluminum chloride reacts with the water rather than just dissolving in it. In the first instance, hexaaquaaluminum ions are formed together with chloride ions. [pic][pic] You will see that this is very similar to the magnesium chloride equation given above the only real difference is the charge on the ion. That extra charge pulls electrons from the water molecules quite strongly towards the aluminum. That makes the hydrogens more positive and so easier to remove from the ion. In other words, this ion is much more acidic than in the corresponding magnesium case. These equilibria (whichever you choose to write) lie further to the right, and so the solution formed is more acidic there are more hydroxonium ions in it. [pic][pic] or, more simply: [pic][pic] Silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4 Silicon tetrachloride is a simple no-messing-about covalent chloride. There isnt enough electronegativity difference between the silicon and the chlorine for the two to form ionic bonds. Silicon tetrachloride is a colourless liquid at room temperature which fumes in moist air. The only attractions between the molecules are van der Waals dispersion forces. It doesnt conduct electricity because of the lack of ions or mobile electrons. It fumes in moist air because it reacts with water in the air to produce hydrogen chloride. If you add water to silicon tetrachloride, there is a violent reaction to produce silicon dioxide and fumes of hydrogen chloride. In a large excess of water, the hydrogen chloride will, of course, dissolve to give a strongly acidic solution containing hydrochloric acid. [pic] The phosphorus chlorides There are two phosphorus chlorides – phosphorus (III) chloride, PCl3, and phosphorus (V) chloride, PCl5. Phosphorus (III) chloride (phosphorus trichloride), PCl3 This is another simple covalent chloride again a fuming liquid at room temperature. It is a liquid because there are only van der Waals dispersion forces and dipole-dipole attractions between the molecules. It doesnt conduct electricity because of the lack of ions or mobile electrons. Phosphorus (III) chloride reacts violently with water. You get phosphorous acid, H3PO3, and fumes of hydrogen chloride (or a solution containing hydrochloric acid if lots of water is used). [pic][pic] Phosphorus (V) chloride (phosphorus pentachloride), PCl5 Unfortunately, phosphorus (V) chloride is structurally more complicated. Phosphorus (V) chloride is a white solid which sublimes at 163 °C. The higher the temperature goes above that, the more the phosphorus (V) chloride dissociates (splits up reversibly) to give phosphorus (III) chloride and chlorine. [pic][pic] Solid phosphorus (V) chloride contains ions which is why it is a solid at room temperature. The formation of the ions involves two molecules of PCl5. A chloride ion transfers from one of the original molecules to the other, leaving a positive ion, [PCl4]+, and a negative ion, [PCl6]-. At 163 °C, the phosphorus (V) chloride converts to a simple molecular form containing PCl5 molecules. Because there are only van der Waals dispersion forces between these, it then vaporizes. Solid phosphorus (V) chloride doesnt conduct electricity because the ions arent free to move. Phosphorus (V) chloride has a violent reaction with water producing fumes of hydrogen chloride. As with the other covalent chlorides, if there is enough water present, these will dissolve to give a solution containing hydrochloric acid. The overall equation in boiling water is: pic] *Disulphur dichloride, S2Cl2* Disulphur dichloride is a simple covalent liquid orange and smelly! The shape is surprisingly difficult to draw convincingly! The atoms are all joined up in a line but twisted: [pic] The reason for drawing the shape is to give a hint about what sort of intermolecular attractions are possible. There is no plane of symmetry in the molecule and that means that it will have an overall permanent d ipole. The liquid will have van der Waals dispersion forces and dipole-dipole attractions. There are no ions in disulphur dichloride and no mobile electrons so it never conducts electricity. Disulphur dichloride reacts slowly with water to produce a complex mixture of things including hydrochloric acid, sulphur, hydrogen sulphide and various sulphur-containing acids and anions (negative ions). There is no way that you can write a single equation for this and one would never be expected in an exam. Summary 1. Physical properties of oxides: The physical properties of these oxides depend on the type of bonding. Na2O, Al2O3 and MgO are ionic oxides and hence have a high melting point. MgO and Al2O3 have a higher melting point than Na2O since the charges are higher, resulting in a stronger attraction between the ions. SiO2 has a giant covalent structure and hence a high melting point. There are strong covalent bonds between all the atoms and thus lots of energy is required to break them. P4O10 and SO3 are molecular covalent and so only intermolecular forces exist between the molecules. The melting points are thus much lower. P4O10 is a much bigger molecule than SO3 and so has a much higher melting point, as the van der Waal’s forces are stronger. Element |Na |Mg |Al |Si |P |S | |Formulae of oxide |Na2O |MgO |Al2O3 |SiO2 |P4O10 |SO3 | |Structure of oxide |Ionic |Ionic |Mostly ionic |Giant covalent |Molecular covalent|Molecular covalent | |Melting point of oxide / °C |1275 |2852 |2072 |1703 |300 |-10 | 2. Acid-base character of oxides.

Introduction to Criminal Justice free essay sample

This definition of a crime comes from (Merriam-Webster On-line Dictionary) and reads; â€Å"Crime: an act or the commission of an act that is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is commanded by a public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law; especially: a gross violation of the law†. There are several definitions of crime, but there all consistent for the most part. People who commit crimes are held to answer for the crimes they are accused of.For this, we must have a judicial system in place that is fair and balanced. Although the person accused of committing the crime is sometimes judged before he’s even gone to court, he must be allowed certain rights and due process. Those rights must not be violated prior to a trial. It’s this system that makes American what we are. Sometimes there are cases that make us feel that the person being tried should just be executed or sent to jail, because the media has basically tried and convicted the person prior to trial. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Criminal Justice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was evident in the â€Å"Casey Anthony† murder trial. Most Americans and the media had convicted her prior to trial. She was found not guilty earlier today by twelve jurors. Is the system fair? Who knows, but this is the reason, lots of people believe there should be professional jurors for high profile cases like this. On the other hand our judicial system has been around for a long time and delivers in most cases a fair system of government that protects the innocent, the victims and the accused. Of course all parties involved don’t feel this way based on where you’re at during the judicial process, but it’s a system that’s fair to all parties. The system is overseen by federal systems that try to keep order and balance throughout the country. Without any of this we would be a country with no law and order. Vigilantes’ would run the streets creating their own laws and chaos would prevail. The three components of the criminal justice system are The Police, The Criminal Courts and The Correctional Institutions.Each one of these components has a very specific function and go hand in hand with one another. For example; if a person is arrested by a police officer for a residential burglary, there is a series of events that happen on the law enforcement side, before the suspect goes to court and before he becomes a part of the correctional institutions. . Once an officer confirms a crime has been committed, he must place the person under arrest and show there was probable cause to arrest the person.This information goes into a â€Å"Probable Cause statement that’s submitted during the booking process. If the suspect is questioned he must be advised of his Miranda rights by the law enforcement officer. Evidence must be collected to prove the crime was committed and the person being charged committed the crime. The suspect is then transported to the county jail for booking. The officer must then document the incident in a police report and be able to articulate the elements of the crime have been fulfilled. The evidence must be booked and the police report must then be submitted to the District Attorney’s office within a 48 hour time frame before the suspect is arraigned in court. If any of this fails’ to happen the courts could release the suspect under Penal Code 825. The case can still be submitted to the District Attorney’s office, but it will be filled out of custody. If this process has been completed correctly the criminal courts takes over their function. Once the suspect goes to court for his first appearance he is advised of his charges and the probable cause is confirmed by the courts.During this phase the report and evidence collected are examined by the defense counsel to see if the suspect has a chance of winning the case. If the defense attorney feels that his client may lose the case based off of the evidence presented he may be allowed to plea bargain in which the suspect could plead to a lesser crime or admit guilt to the crime he is accused of. There are several things that determine if this allowed to happen, to include the suspects past criminal history and the seriousness of the crime.If the courts feel there is enough probable cause and the suspect’s rights have not been violated, the suspect will be held to answer to the charges brought against him. Otherwise the suspect could be let free based on the lack of probable cause, lack of physical evidence or the suspect’s rights being violated during the arrest or questioning process. If the suspect is held to answer he will then go to an arraignment. Once there he will plead either not guilty, guilty, or no contest. If a person pleads â€Å"not guilty† he is set for pre-trial at which time his case is handled by the person’s lawyer.If need be the case goes to trial where he is judged by twelve of his peers or the person pleads to a lesser charge and the case is closed prior to the trial. If a trial takes place and the person is found guilty he will be sentenced by the judge based on the crimes committed. This can be immediately or shortly after the trial. If the suspect is sentenced to prison he then becomes a part of the correctional institution. After sentencing he is usually turned over immediately to the custody of the sheriff’s department while awaiting transportation to prison.

Analytical Essay The Red Convertible Essays

Analytical Essay The Red Convertible Essays Analytical Essay The Red Convertible Essay Analytical Essay The Red Convertible Essay Essay Topic: Analytical After he and his brother purchase the convertible, he describes a great big willow tree. In Indian society, willow trees signify wisdom so I gather that perhaps it sticks out In his memory because in the great wide open of Gods creation, perhaps he and his brother gleaned some great wisdom about life In general under the limbs of this willow tree. He mentions how his brother went off to Vietnam upon their return. One cant help but to Imagine the completely different surrounding that his brother found himself in. I imagine wetlands, tropical angles, hot and sticky air that feels as though you are breathing water due to the humidity. Just as they might have found a bit of themselves in the great wide open adventures they had in the car prior to the war, his brother lost a lot of himself in the wet, humid, dangerous jungles of Vietnam. In Robert Frosts Mending Walls, the setting is again outdoors. This time, the setting is in cold, damp England. I gather this from the way the author speaks about fox hunts and stone walls between neighbors. Here, he and his neighbor are again outside walking the stone wall border between heir properties. Two deferent people united and yet separated by a simple wall. Walker 2 While their wall is a physical wall, the wall that later separated the brothers in the previous story was an inner wall made up of the remaining demons of war along with the inner struggles of a prisoner of war returning to life as a civilian. Just as the two neighbors walk their walls to repair the gaps by replacing the loosened and missing boulders, the two brothers tried to repair the gaps to their relationship with the last ride out in the red convertible. The revealing theme is the same in both works. In the red convertible, the family tries to ignore the different personality that has engulfed the older brother upon his return. They keep It quiet and dont mention it but in whispers. They want to keep things the same even though It Is clearly evident that they will never be the same again. In Mending Walls, the writer asks his neighbor why must they keep the wall up when he has no cows nor does his neighbor, they both only have trees and it is clear that neither type of tree will move to encroach upon ten toners proper HIS enlarger, not wanting to go galls t Nils Tanners wellness whom we are led to believe holds great regard for tradition states that good fences make good neighbors. Regardless of whether it makes sense to have the wall or not, it has always been that way and therefore it will continue that way as well. It is similar to the family way of thinking in the red convertible. It is clear that everyone from the younger brother to the friends, neighbors and even the mother in the story can see that the older brother is not the same upon his return from Vietnam. The known is scary to them so instead of tackling the bigger issue and getting him the help he needs, they go back to the way things were. They try to act as if everything is still the same. They ignore the fact that he has been through things they cannot imagine and instead try to pretend he is the same old person he was before. This must be extremely frustrating on the brother and eventually the only way he can think of to make them happy and also to relieve the nightmare he lives in day after day is to end it all with one giant leap into a rushing river at the close off perfect day.

Withdrawal Behaviors Example

Withdrawal Behaviors Example Withdrawal Behaviors – Coursework Example Withdrawal Behaviors Withdrawal Behaviors Voluntary Withdrawal Behavior Example Johnson worked for McDonalds for two years until there was a change in the software that he used to work with. He was not well equipped to use the new software and required training. The manager failed to identify the gap between the skills of Johnson and the required skills to use the software. As a result of this Johnson was not able to adapt to the software and started turning in late at work. Involuntary Withdrawal Behavior Example Sarah and her family used to own a single car. When she started working at McDonalds her husband was unemployed. She used to use the car to drop her children at school and then reach her workplace. 1 year later her husband obtained a job and as a result of this the single car was used to first drop her husband at his workplace, then drop the children at their school and then Sarah could reach her workplace and started reaching late at work. Difference The main differences b etween the above two examples is that the voluntary withdrawal behavior is caused due to factors within the organization and the involuntary withdrawal behavior is caused due to factors outside the organization (Gaertner, 1999). Job Attitudes And Voluntary Withdrawal Behavior The relationship between job attitude and voluntary withdrawal behavior is that job attitudes have a cause and effect relationship with withdrawal behavior. This means that an individual’s feeling towards his/her job impact an individual’s intention to be absent or present at the organization in which an individual works (Holtom, 2008). For example in the case of Johnson and McDonald’s, Johnson experienced a decline in his commitment towards his organization since his manager failed to realize that Johnson required training. As a result of this Johnson started remaining absent or he used to reach late at work. ReferencesGaertner, S. (1999). Structural determinants of job satisfaction and or ganizational commitment in turnover models. Human Resource Management Review, 9(4), 479493.Holtom, B. C., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W., & Eberly, M. B. (2008). Turnover and retention research: A glance at the past, a closer review of the present, and a venture into the future. Academy of Management Annals, 2(1), 231274.

Urban economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Urban economics - Essay Example Right from the time human beings have started inhabiting in the caves, they have been analyzing the effectiveness of various locational decisions. It includes factories, retail outlets, warehouses, hospitals, bus stops, educational institutes, automobile stations; just to name a few of them. This ubiquity of locational designing has led to the interest of many in locational analysis. P-median model is the most popular and most widely used location-allocation models. (John Current, Mark Daskin and David Schilling, n.d.)The idea of conditional location problem is to locate the p amount of facilities in order to serve a particular set of demand points, assuming that q facilities are already located. When q tends to zero, there is unconditional problem. In case of conditional p-median or p-center problems, once the new p locations are determined, demand can either be served by the existing facilities or the new facilities, depending on the facility that is in high demand. P-median along with p-center are the most common used models in the locational analysis. Each application to the p-median or p-center problems turns to the conditional model, when there are already existing facilities in the given area. As for example, if anybody wishes to locate p number of warehouses in a particular area, it is denoted as an unconditional p-median problem. ... Each application to the p-median or p-center problems turns to the conditional model, when there are already existing facilities in the given area. As for example, if anybody wishes to locate p number of warehouses in a particular area, it is denoted as an unconditional p-median problem. When there are q number of warehouses already existing in that particular area and p number of warehouses is to be added, then it is denoted as conditional p-median problem. (Oded Berman and Zvi Drezner, August 2007) Median Location Model is based on a few assumptions; the inputs required by the firm exists everywhere, the consumers buy fixed amount of goods and the consumers are distributed along a line, the marginal cost of transport is constant and the firms usually make separate trips for the customers. The firms minimize transport cost by locating at the median of the customer distribution line. As for example, pizza firms make a number of trips in order to serve the customers at various locations. Plants are not created at each and every place in order to reduce the production cost as well as the cost of shipping input to all the locations. Instead, if the firm is situated at the median location, it will lower down the cost of production and it can also serve the customers. Moreover, producing from more locations does not allow the firms take advantage from scale economies. Per unit costs of the production also decreases with the increase in the size of the firm, as Average Cost of Producti on is equal to the Total Cost of Production divided by the Output. Weight Losing / Gaining Location Model: Alfred Weber formulated an industrial location theory, and according to the theory, an industry is located in such a place, where

Operation management in context to Coca Cola Essay

Operation management in context to Coca Cola - Essay Example In order to achieve the purpose of the study; it was important to study the literature on Coca Cola and different case studies have been studied highlighting the operational issues of the organisation. There is no denying that the purpose of the study can only be achieved by having an idea over the organisation and the next part presents an overview of the organsiation that will help in understanding the operational and management framework of the organisation in a lucid manner. An Overview of the Organisation Coca Cola Company is an American multinational known for producing concentrate that is sold to licensed bottlers across the world. The company has a history of more than a century and is highly admired for a number of products produced and manufactured by it. The company offers more than 3500 beverages in more than 200 countries that speak about its reach and acceptance in different parts of the world. Coca Cola started its journey as a patented medicine and established itself as a carbonated drink manufacturer in the 20th century. It produces carbonated soft drinks, fruit juices, water sport drinks, energy drinks and other milk products as per the needs and requirements of customers. The company was growing at a rapid pace in the 20th century with little competition and high margin making it one of the highly profitable organisations. However, the franchise model based on offering license to bottlers has been criticized in the past along with raising too many operational issues. Moreover, the complexity of operational framework has increased in the due process making the control and management process management a bit tough and lengthy. Structure of the Report The structure of the report pertaining to the presentation of operational framework of Coca Cola... The intention of this study is Coca Cola Company as an American multinational known for producing concentrate that is sold to licensed bottlers across the world. The company has a history of more than a century and is highly admired for a number of products produced and manufactured by it. The company offers more than 3500 beverages in more than 200 countries that speak about its reach and acceptance in different parts of the world. Coca Cola started its journey as a patented medicine and established itself as a carbonated drink manufacturer in the 20th century. It produces carbonated soft drinks, fruit juices, water sport drinks, energy drinks and other milk products as per the needs and requirements of customers. The company was growing at a rapid pace in the 20th century with little competition and high margin making it one of the highly profitable organisations. However, the franchise model based on offering license to bottlers has been criticized in the past along with raising t oo many operational issues. Moreover, the complexity of operational framework has increased in the due process making the control and management process management a bit tough and lengthy. Through the agreement, the company has full rights to ensure that their products are being produced in the right manner along with being distributed in an efficient and effective manner. The agreement also allows the company to exercise power and control to an extent. In spite of controlling the whole act of manufacturing and distribution; one thing that was out of the control was the quality of soft drinks and other products.

Hong Kong Essay Example for Free

Hong Kong Essay The Pearl of Asia or the popularly known as Hong Kong is a dynamic metropolis steeped in unique blend of East and West. Hong Kong is also my hometown I am proud of. Since childhood, the most beautiful sight I even seen is the stunning view of Hong Kong. Apart from that, every spectacular image has its own stories, history, culture, and memories that represent this amazing city. Hong Kong is also astonishing for many reasons. One is the famous Victorian Harbor. The Victorian Harbor always caught my attention and my appreciation because of its unique beauty every time I pass along. Victorian Harbor is eye-catching by the glamorous beauty of the lights especially at night. It is actually separated into two sides of Hong Kong Island. When gazing it, I do it intently from one side to another. On the West side, the view of the tier of high raised neighborhood occupied by thousands of families is visible. It is followed by blocks of vintage colonial era architecture which dates back 150 years ago. It is further packed with more tall buildings. The array of glasses, steel and marble-clad edifices are highly condensed in different color layer ranging from the harbor up to the peak. On the other edge of the harbor, there are many high-end and high-rise apartments facing to the direction of Pacific Ocean. Another unforgettable experience is also the refreshing walk along the Avenue of Stars. The Avenue of Stars is a long road which allows every passerby to experience the panoramic views of the popular Victoria Harbor and the memorable Hong Kong skyline. Upon looking in depth at the opposite harbor, various famous architectural works which signifies about Hong Kong excites me. In addition, there are also modern buildings which signify the economic prowess of the city which includes the Two International Finance Centre, Exchange Square, Home to the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, HSBC Main Building, and others. Furthermore, there are also buildings built entirely of structural steel without any reinforced concrete in the inner core. The Convention and Exhibition Center which has been built in the concept of Feng Sui with its sweeping sails roof and vast glass windows proves the respect to the culture. These buildings are the proof of the adherence of the city to traditions, culture, quality a nd modernity. Other than the significant buildings, the details of stunning lights along every blocks and street makes the night livelier, more brilliant, and meaningful. Numerous logos of well-known brands are also apparent on top of buildings. Colored neon light signs also hang on every shop which increases brightness of the entire streets. Every block of apartment is also decorated with its own style. These elements, when added together, form the unique culture of fantastic international city. By looking at the brilliant harbor, views of old and new buildings which live side-by-side, colonial buildings, and glass-and-steel skyscrapers, along with its ancient Chinese traditions and lively local culture can clearly be seen. Through the amazing and scenic views I have witnessed and experienced, I became more proud of my citizenship and being part of this attractive land. The above elements and the unique fusion of Western and Eastern culture are the factors that made Hong Kong apart from the rest of Asia. The views I have witnessed will absolutely be remembered in my memories and will forever be painted in my heart.

Cable Modems in the Workplace :: Internet Cable Modem Essays

Cable Modems in the Workplace Until recently, small businesses could not afford T-1 service to connect to the network. The recent advent of cable modems has provided a cheaper alternative to this problem. Cable operators have primarily targeted consumers in their initial cable modem rollouts. Multiple System Operators (MSOs) are now selling higher priced broadband Internet services to the corporate customer. The question is, does cable modem technology provide the optimum service for a medium sized company that is dependent on the Internet for data computing and research? To answer this question, we have to evaluate the price, bandwidth, and reliability in the business network. One significant factor that separates cable modem technology from other telephone networks is its ability to share bandwidth on the network. This characteristic is both an advantage and disadvantage for cable modems. The advantage is that cable modem users have the ability to use as much bandwidth as possible when it is available. The disadvantage resides in network congestion. When the user needs the bandwidth for a large file download or upload, it is not guaranteed the bandwidth. Lack of guaranteed bandwidth and modem reliability is the biggest concern that most companies have with cable modems. Yes, it is cheap, but can it perform? In the past, the reliability rate was 50% to 60% because of improper equipment and technology. (Schuman, Now playing:, 1999) More recently, upgrades of the cable system has allowed close to 98% cable modem reliability. Reliability is also dependent upon the number of users the cable company has hooked up to the cable node. If too many users are connected to the same node, there will be degradation in throughput. The cable company claims 30 Mbps downstream data transfer, but sharing often makes it more like 1.5 Mbps. (ZDNET, Cable Modems:, 1999) The quality cable companies like TCI, mitigates the uneasiness about reliability and questionable throughput by providing guaranteed upstream bandwidth, and excellent technical support. The reliability and congestion issues all seem to be problems of the past with the current upgrad es and service quality improvements made by the cable company. The big advantage that attracts many businesses is the low monthly fees compared to T-1 lines. A traditional T-1 line will cost at least $1,000 per month, where as TCI cable company charges $249 per month for 256 Kbps upstream connection.

Aldis Case study

Q1. Describe what is eant by the term Marketing?Ans. The chartered Institute of Marketing describes the term ‘Marketing’ as the process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying consumer requirements profitability.Q2. Explain why is it Important to balance the marketing mix?Ans. It is important to provide high quality products to the consumer at reasonable price. Marketing mix is a complex set of variable. Marketing mix of every business is different. Aldi’s mix focuses on providing high quality products that a are cheaper alternatives to famous brands.Aldi’s Marketing mix focuses on Product – High quality like brands Price – Aldi’s offers lower prices that its competitors without compromising on quality Place – Aldi’s outlets are expanding globally Promotions – Aldi’s uses the combination of ‘Above the line’ and ‘Below the line’ promotional strategiesQ3. Analyse the f actors that might affect the location of a new Aldi’s store Ans. Factors that might affect the location of a new Aldi’s store :-1. They keep their store layout simple so that the wastage can be minimised and as a result of that it will keep the costs low. This will ensure that people or customers of Aldi’s will get best quality products at lower prices2. They kept into account the demographic factor of the area where the store is located3. People visiting the store should be maximum and this can be ensured by better connectivity. Good transport facility availability should be there.4. They emphasized that the store should be located in the heart of the city to ensure access to large number of consumers.5. Store should have good visibility and this can be ensured by having the store near the main road.6. One most important factor was they ensured that the store should be in a location where there is very less to no competition.Q4. Evaluate how Aldi has identified a unique position within a competitive marketplace. Ans. Aldi’s has identified a unique position within a competitive marketplace by following few things:-1. Availability of the  best quality products to the customers2. Providing lower prices products but with good quality3. By having the correct marketing mix4. They did it by adopting different types of promotional strategies like ‘Above the line’ and ‘Below the line’5. With the help of advocate customers, who persuaded others as well to buy the products from Aldi’s6. They aim at making loyal customers which will always stick to them or buy products from them7. Use of AIDA model to increase the market share, AIDA stands for, (A)Awareness, (I) Interest, (D) Desire, (A) Action8. One of the most important reason of their strong position in the market is that they used to explore all over the world for best quality product and selection of handpicked suppliers

Froogle V. Mary Ccp 410.10

Relevant Facts Our Client, Froogle (â€Å"Froogle†) has retained our firm to file suit againt Mary, a small manufacturer and retailer of downhill snow skis. Froogle and Mary signed an agreement in January of 2012. On or about March 15, 2012 Froogle discovered that Mary had breached several of the terms of their agreement. We filed suit in Superior Court for the County of Monterey in Salinas, California on behalf of Froogle on May 31,2012.Mary, a resident of Vermont, responded by filing a motion for non-conveniens claiming that because her business and residence are in Vermont, California has no jurisdiction over her. Mary violated the terms of her agreement and should be brought to answer for her actions in a California court of law, as Froogle’s main place of business is Salinas, California. Issue Presented The issue is whether or not Froogle has jurisdiction over Mary who is an out of state resident and business owner.Applicable Law Under the California Code of Civil Procedure â€Å"A court of this state may exercise jurisdiction on any basis not inconsistent with the Constitution of this state or of the United States. † CCP  §410. 10 Also known as California’s â€Å"Long Arm Statue† the law provides that the use is usually constitutional â€Å"where the defendant has certain minimum contacts with the forum state and there has been reasonable notice of the action against him or her. (Cite)Additionally, under the ruling â€Å"Any person may maintain an action or proceeding in a court of this state against a foreign corporation or nonresident person where the action or proceeding arises out of or relates to any contract, agreement, or undertaking for which a choice of California law has been made in whole or in part by the parties thereto and which (a) is a contract, agreement, or undertaking, contingent or otherwise, relating to a transaction involving in the aggregate not less than one million dollars ($1,000,000), and ( b) contains a provision or provisions under which the foreign corporation or nonresident agrees to submit to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state. † In 9th Circuit Court of Appeals Gator. com Corp. , Plaintiff-appellant, v. L. L. Bean, Inc. , Defendant, appelee, L. L. Bean had an internet catalog and mail order site or a â€Å"virtual store†. Court held that LL Bean's marketing and retail activities and â€Å"virtual store† created a â€Å"consistent and substantial pattern of business relations in California, sufficient to confer personal jurisdiction over the Maine-based company [Gator}. † In Pavlovich v.Superior Court, the court addressed the issue of internet and jurisdiction holding that â€Å"[t]he Internet, as a mode of communication and a system of information delivery is new, but the rules governing the protection of property rights, and how that protection may be enforced under the new technology, need not be. † 2001 Cal. App. LEXI S 623 (Cal. Ct. App. August 7, 2001) However, in Zippo Mfg. Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc. , the court determined that â€Å"A passive website that does little more than make information available is not generally grounds for the exercise of personal jurisdiction. † It then goes on to say that â€Å"The middle ground is occupied by the interactive websites where a user can exchange information with the host computer.(Zippo test cases) 957 F. Supp. 1119 (W. D. Pa. 1997). The middle ground definition cited above is key in Froogle’s case because Froogle was not simply a passive website. Users were able to click on the Froogle â€Å"store† and search for items. The store then quoted pricing and directed the user to the defendant’s website or alternatively they could purchase through Froogle, using their credit card or other financing available and Froogle would forward the order to the defendant to fulfill the order. In Frank Snowney v. Harrahs the plaintiff res erved a room by telephone from his California residence. He was told that the room would cost $50/night plus tax.When he received the bill he paid a $3 energy surcharge. Plaintiff filed a class action against Harrahs alleging they charged him and other guests more than the advertised price†¦. † The defendants filed a motion to quash for lack of personal jurisdiction, arguing that they were incorporated and based out of Nevada, they conducted no business in California and had no bank accounts in California. The plaintiff submitted that â€Å"the defendants 1-advertised extensively to California residents through billboards in California, newspapers and radio & television; 2) maintained an interactive website that accepted reservations from California residents. The Court concluded that defendants had sufficient contacts in California to justify jurisdiction in the state. 116 Cal. App. 4th 996, (2004). Application to Our Case Froogle is a California corporation with home o ffices in Salinas, California. Froogle’s contract was signed by the defendant and the defendant was well aware of Froogle’s location. Froogle’s software was developed in California and their servers are all located in various parts of California – Froogle is clearly a California product. As the defendant used online transactions through Froogle’s site to set up their account and perform other implementation functions it can be easily argued that this was a California based transaction.Further to this, the defendant benefitted from Froogle’s high profile in California, expanding their customer base throughout the state and thus increasing their sales. The California Code protects Froogle’s right to jurisdiction in California under the â€Å"Long Arm† statute. Although there are rare circumstances where this can be overturned, the statute provides the ability for a California corporation that has entered under a contract or simil ar document with a non-resident partner to gain jurisdiction over that entity should breach of that contract occur. The Snowney case more than implies that if one enters into an agreement with a California entity, and a breach or other violation of the agreement occurs, the parties will more than likely be bringing their action to a California court.The reservation can certainly be interpreted to be a contract as it binds both parties to an obligation and by acceptance of the terms of a reservation, the parties have entered into an agreement or contract. Froogle has the right as a California corporation to file their action in the state of California. The defendant knew it was entering into a contract with a California corporation based out of Salinas, CA. The defendant chose the website due to its power in the retail internet market. It also took advantage of the plaintiff’s website store which brought leads to the defendants store from prospective customers. The defendantâ €™s business benefitted greatly from its presence in the plaintiff’s search engine and webstore. The defendant has no right to jurisdiction in this case and this proceeding should continue in California.

Fact and Fiction About the Origins of Thanksgiving

Fact and Fiction About the Origins of Thanksgiving Among the origin stories of the United States, few are more mythologized than the Columbus discovery story and the Thanksgiving story. The Thanksgiving story as we know it today is a fanciful tale shrouded by myth and omissions of important facts. Setting the Stage When the Mayflower Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock on December 16, 1620, they were well-armed with information about the region, thanks to the mapping and knowledge of their predecessors like Samuel de Champlain. He and untold numbers of other Europeans who had by then been journeying to the continent for well over 100 years already had well-established European enclaves along the eastern seaboard (Jamestown, Virginia, was already 14 years old and the Spanish had settled in Florida in the mid-1500s), so the Pilgrims were far from the first Europeans to set up a community in the new land. During that century the exposure to European diseases had resulted in pandemics of illness among the natives from Florida to New England that reduced Indian populations (aided as well by the Indian slave trade) by 75% and in many cases more - a fact well known and exploited by the Pilgrims. Plymouth Rock was actually the village of Patuxet, the ancestral land of the Wampanoag, which for untold generations had been a well-managed landscape cleared and maintained for corn fields and other crops, contrary to the popular understanding of it as a â€Å"wilderness.† It was also the home of Squanto. Squanto, who is famous for having taught the Pilgrims how to farm and fish, saving them from certain starvation, had been kidnapped as a child, sold into slavery and sent to England where he learned how to speak English (making him so useful to the Pilgrims). Having escaped under extraordinary circumstances, he found passage back to his village in 1619 only to find the majority of his community wiped out only two  years before by a plague. But a few remained and the day after the Pilgrims’ arrival while foraging for food they happened upon some households whose occupants were gone for the day. One of the colonists’ journal entries tells of their robbery of the houses, having taken â€Å"things† for which they â€Å"intended† to pay the Indians for at some future time. Other journal entries describe the raiding of corn fields and of â€Å"finding† other food buried in the ground, and the robbing of graves of â€Å"the prettiest things which we carried away with us, and covered the body back up.† For these findings, the Pilgrims thanked God for his help for how else could we have done it without meeting some Indians who might trouble us. Thus, the Pilgrims’ survival that first winter can be attributed to Indians both alive and dead, both witting and unwitting. The First Thanksgiving Having survived the first winter, the following spring Squanto taught the Pilgrims how to harvest berries and other wild foods and plant crops the Indians had been living on for millennia, and they entered into a treaty of mutual protection with the Wampanoag under the leadership of Ousamequin (known to the English as Massasoit). Everything we know about the first Thanksgiving is drawn from only two written records: Edward Winslow’s â€Å"Mourt’s Relation† and William Bradfords Of Plimouth Plantation. Neither of the accounts is very detailed and certainly not enough to conjecture the modern tale of Pilgrims having a Thanksgiving meal to thank the Indians for their help that we are so familiar with. Harvest celebrations had been practiced for eons in Europe as thanksgiving ceremonials had been for Native Americans, so its clear that the concept of Thanksgiving was not new to either group. Only Winslows account, written two months after it happened (which was likely sometime between September 22 and November 11), mentions the Indians’ participation. In the exuberance of the colonists’ celebration guns were fired and the Wampanoags, wondering if there was trouble, entered the English village with around 90 men. After showing up well-intended but uninvited they were invited to stay. But there wasnt enough food to go around so the Indians went out and caught some deer which they ceremonially gave to the English. Both accounts talk about a bountiful harvest of crops and wild game including fowl (most historians believe this refers to waterfowl, most likely geese and duck). Only Bradfords account mentions turkeys. Winslow wrote that the feasting carried on for three days, but nowhere in any of the accounts is the word â€Å"thanksgiving† used. Subsequent Thanksgivings Records indicate that although there was a drought the following year there was a day of religious thanksgiving, to which Indians werent invited. There are other accounts of Thanksgiving proclamations in other colonies throughout the rest of the century and into the 1700s. There is a particularly troubling one in 1673 at the end of King Phillips war in which an official Thanksgiving celebration was proclaimed by the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony after a massacre of several hundred Pequot Indians. Some scholars argue that Thanksgiving proclamations were announced more often for the celebration of the mass murder of Indians than for harvest celebrations. The modern Thanksgiving holiday America celebrates is thus derived from bits and pieces of traditional European harvest celebrations, Native American spiritual traditions of thanksgiving, and spotty documentation (and the omission of other documentation). The result is the rendering of a historical event that is more fiction than truth. Thanksgiving was made an official national holiday by Abraham Lincoln in 1863, thanks to the work of Sarah J. Hale, an editor of a popular ladies magazine of the time. Interestingly, nowhere in the text of President Lincoln’s proclamation is any mention of Pilgrims and Indians. For more information, see â€Å"Lies My Teacher Told Me† by James Loewen.

5 Mixed-Up Malapropisms

5 Mixed-Up Malapropisms 5 Mixed-Up Malapropisms 5 Mixed-Up Malapropisms By Mark Nichol It’s almost impossible to speak or write English without dodging a misnomer or a malapropism at least once in your lifetime. A misnomer (the word is derived from the Latin for â€Å"incorrect name†) is forgivable usually, it’s merely a matter of retaining an obsolete description, as in â€Å"pencil lead† for the graphite used in writing instruments, or referring to the United States as a democracy, when it’s technically a federal republic but a malapropism is a bald sign of carelessness or overreaching for elephants. Eloquence. I meant eloquence. Sometimes, of course, it’s used for comic effect. (That’s where we get the word malapropism. It comes from malapropos, the Latin for â€Å"inappropriate,† entering the English language when playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan used it as the name of a character who, out of ignorance, uttered humorous inanities.) Here are some examples of malapropisms to avoid: 1. â€Å"Her plans didn’t jive with his ambitions.† Jive means â€Å"to deceive†; the writer meant jibe, â€Å"to coincide†: â€Å"Her plans didn’t jibe with his ambitions.† 2. â€Å"Who was the first Englishman to circumvent the globe?† In one sense, circumvent means â€Å"to go around,† so it superficially works here, but the most common meaning is â€Å"to evade,† so, unless the Englishman was a fugitive astronaut, circumnavigate is the word the writer is looking for: â€Å"Who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe?† 3. â€Å"In outrage, she responded vehemently to the anti-Semitic epitaphs at the rally.† An epitaph is a commemorative inscription or comment about a deceased person. The correct word is epithets (an epithet, in this context, is an insult): â€Å"In outrage, she responded vehemently to the anti-Semitic epithets at the rally.† (Epithet can also mean a substituting word or phrase such as â€Å"the Father of Our Country† or, in biology, a term in a taxonomic name.) 4. â€Å"I awaited her arrival with baited breath.† Baited means â€Å"lured† or â€Å"teased† (or â€Å"attacked,† â€Å"harassed,† or â€Å"persecuted†). The writer should have written bated (â€Å"withheld†): â€Å"I awaited her arrival with bated breath.† 5. â€Å"I wouldn’t step foot in there if you paid me.† This substitution of step for set is a minor flaw, but the latter word is the standard idiom: â€Å"I wouldn’t set foot in there if you paid me.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of Phrases50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)

Interdisciplinary relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Interdisciplinary relationships - Essay Example Interdisciplinary relationships entail a sense of mutual coexistence among professionals of different disciplines that foster positive correlation within the working confines (Rigolosi, 2013). The need for harmonisation and collaboration amid the elements that provide primary care for the clients is essential in developing effectively working work relations within the practice. Initially, the primary care practice entailed three essential elements of the application of interdisciplinary relationships within the nursing practice. These models included the parallel, sequential and shared models all of which include the working relations between a physician and a non-physician, who is a physician subordinate or nurse practitioner. The parallel model entailed a practice of service delivery in which the nurse practitioner or non-physician provider facilitated care services to the stable patients while the physician facilitated care for the medically complex patients (Rigolosi, 2013). Thus, none of the disciplines overlapped or supported the other in the working environment. Secondly, the sequential model of the interdisciplinary relationship entails the nurse or assistant physician performing the initial physical and historical examination of the patient. After gathering the initial findings over the patient, the physician takes responsibility for differential diagnosis and management. Additionally, the physician may take initial screen for complex patient cases. The shared model entails the professionals providing care for the patients on an alternating basis, without regarding the diagnosis or complexity of the care situation. These initial aspects of interdisciplinary relationship definition formulated the basis for establishment of additionally effective models of working. The latest models of the interdisciplinary relationship within the practice include collaborative practice models, teamwork system model and interdisciplinary

Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress - Essay Example onto his country and as the result of purges a great number of intellectual people were sent to the so-called reeducation camps thus â€Å"ignorance was in fashion†. As in the story by Dai Sijie, two young sons of doctors were sent to a remote village to such a camp. Having a very slim chance of ever being allowed back to the city, the boys had to adjust to the life in the village; they had to endure humiliation and hard labor. The only books they were allowed to read were books approved by communists. Even playing the music could be dangerous if it was not a music approved by Chairman Mao. Most members of village the Narrator and Luo were sent to were illiterate and had low aspirations. They were uneducated: a clock was a novelty for them and, more so, the violin, which they considered a toy. The only person who ever saw such musical instrument was the tailor. However, he never heard the music it played. The â€Å"revolutionary peasants† were very ignorant. When Luo contracted malaria, the choice of cure was weeping and a â€Å"shock treatment† in the ice-cold water. When the narrator and Luo met a very beautiful little seamstress and her father, both of the young man became attracted to her. Luo confessed, though, that she was â€Å"too uncivilized† for him to fall in love. When, through the series of events, the Narrator and Luo obtained the â€Å"forbidden books†, they also started reading it to the Little Seamstress. Everyone felt the transformative power of the books. The Narrator told about the effect the book had on him: â€Å"To me it was the ultimate book: once you read it, neither your own life nor the world you lived in would ever look the same. ¨ (Sijie 107). The effect the book had on the little Seamstress was even greater. Her uneducated mind became a fertile soil for the new ideas that were coming from books. The life in the city fascinated her. In fact, the book reading or story telling became a favorite entertainment in Phoenix Mountain villages. The

Theoretical aspects of the phenomenon of child soldiers and scientific Essay

Theoretical aspects of the phenomenon of child soldiers and scientific issues related to the topic - Essay Example During colonial campaigns, armies would capture the children of prominent chieftains and raise them according to the colonial nation’s customs and laws. Nazi Germany used Hitler Youth movement to try to fight the Allied forces in the closing days of World War II. However each of these cases was isolated by time and geography. They were also exceptions to the level of armed combat which children performed. Ancient wars involved minors as charioteers and armor bearers for adult warriors. This practice can be found in the Bible. War in the middle ages was fought by strong men who had the physical strength to fight in those wars. Children were only used for support roles as they could not be participants in armed combat. The Roman army for instance required physical fitness as criteria for military service which only adult combatants could perform. Fighting with swords, spears, shields and heavy weapons required the use of adult combatants. During the middle ages, military units comprised of knights, heavy cavalry and infantry were extensively used in combat. They used armor and weapons which only adults could perform. The modern era of warfare began with the use of gunpowder. The modern nature of conflict saw the extensive use of muskets, cannons and cavalry against opponents. The weapons and training required to operate these weapons could only be performed by adult combatants. The adv ent of the industrial age also revolutionized the concept of warfare. By the twentieth century, modern armies were now using tanks, cannons, artillery, fighter jets, submarines and naval warships against each other. Again the use of children was mostly for support roles rather than combat purposes since the expertise required to train and use these weapons was only possible for adult combatants. During the middle ages, young boys were used as squires but their

History &The Philosophies of Enlightenment Essay Example for Free

History The Philosophies of Enlightenment Essay The Enlightenment, also named the Age of reason, was an era for the period of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The term â€Å"Enlightenment† also specifically talks about a rational movement. Moreover, this movement provided a basis for the American and French Revolutions. During this period, philosophers started to realize that by using reason they can find answers to their questions and solutions to their problems. Enlightenment philosophers believed that all human beings should have freedom of religion and speech. Furthermore, they wanted to have a government of their own and a right to vote. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were two very important philosophical thinkers of their time. John Locke was a prominent thinker from England, and Thomas Hobbes is perhaps the most complete materialist philosopher of the 17th century. John Locke believed that people are good, and they should have natural rights such as life, liberty, and property but Thomas Hobbs main focus was how human beings can live together in peace and evade the danger and fear of civil war. John Locke (1634-1704) was one of the most significant and powerful philosophers during the Enlightenment era. Both the French Enlightenment and Founding Fathers of the American Revolution drew on his thoughts. John Locke suggested that the human mind was a tabula rasa (blank slate). There were no innate ideas known from birth by all people and society forms people’s mind. Since all people share the same undeveloped usual features, people are all equal and they determine their liberty. Locke said all human beings are equal expect women and Negroes because they are closer to the state of nature therefore they are less civilized and this led to the American Revolution. Lockes most important work of political philosophy was the Two Treatises on Government. He argued that the power of the king is derived from the people, each person has a right to hold property, and if ruler takes this property from people without their own permission, people can depose and resist him. . Thomas Hobbes is another philosopher in 17th century who argued that people were naturally wicked and could not be trusted to govern. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was born in London. He finished his college education at Oxford University in England, where he studied classics. Hobbes was English philosopher, scientist, and historian, best known for his political  philosophy, especially as expressed in his masterpiece Leviathan. In his boos he described the â€Å"state of nature† where all persons were naturally equal. He said that people are frightened of violent death, and every single human on the planet has a right to protect him/herself in any way possible. He assumed that its in people’s best interest to avoid war. Moreover, he believed that life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. Although John Locke and Thomas Hobbes do have some similarities, they have different opinions about most of their political arguments. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two of the great political theorists of their time. Both created great philosophical texts that help to describe their opinions about man’s state of nature in addition to the role of government in man’s life. Both of them believed in individualism. Two years after the end of the English Civil War, Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan. He believed people had a good personality, if they were left to their own plans, life would become â€Å"a solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.† He said if people give some of their freedom, they can have a harmless life. He believed people are always in competition with each other for the best food, shelter, money, and so on. Hobbes supposed the best way to protect citizens would be to have a sovereign that is threatening and supreme. . Lockes view of the state of nature says that humans have limits as to what people should or should not do. In contrast to Hobbes, Locke believed that humans are generally nice to one another, and we will not bother one another. Therefore, in Lockes state of nature, humans are peaceful. Locke believed that people had the basic principles needed for a civilized society, so they were allowed to have natural rights such as life, liberty, and property. Locke believed rather than each person being equally at risk of death, each person was equally free and sovereign. The Enlightenment was an era of free thinking and individualism. Different philosophers had enormous role in this era. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were philosophers from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Both philosophers had very strong views on freedom and how a country should be governed. Hobbes had more of a negative view on freedom while Lockes opinions are more positive. Work Cited FernaÃŒ ndez Armesto, Felipe. The Exchange Of Enlightenments: Eighteenth Century Thought. The World : A History. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2010. 738-65. Print. SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on John Locke (1634–1704).† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2005. Web. 14 Mar. 2013 SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679).† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2005. Web. 14 Mar. 2013.

Software Piracy :: essays research papers fc

Software Piracy: A Worldwide Problem Software piracy is defined as the illegal copying of software for commercial or personal gain. Software companies have tried many methods to prevent piracy, with varying degrees of success. Several agencies like the Software Publishers Association and the Business Software Alliance have been formed to combat both worldwide and domestic piracy. Software piracy is an unresolved, worldwide problem, costing millions of dollars in lost revenue. Software companies have used many different copy protection schemes. The most annoying form of copy protection is the use of a key disk. This type of copy protection requires the user to insert the original disk every time the program is run. It can be quite difficult to keep up with disks that are years old. The most common technique of copy protection requires the user to look up a word or phrase in the program's manual. This method is less annoying than other forms of copy protection, but it can be a nuisance having to locate the manual every time. Software pirates usually have no trouble "cracking" the program, which permanently removes the copy protection. After the invention of CD-ROM, which until lately was uncopyable, most software companies stopped placing copy protection in their programs. Instead, the companies are trying new methods of disc impression. 3M recently developed a new technology of disc impression which allows companies to imprint an image on the read side of a CD-ROM. This technology would not prevent pirates from copying the CD, but it would make a "bootleg" copy differ from the original and make the copy traceable by law enforcement officials (Estes 89). Sometimes, when a person uses a pirated program, there is a "virus" attached to the program. Viruses are self-replicating programs that, when activated, can damage a computer. These viruses are most commonly found on pirated computer games, placed there by some malignant computer programmer. In his J anuary 1993 article, Chris O' Malley points out that if piracy was wiped out viruses would eventually disappear (O' Malley 60). There are ways that a thrifty consumer can save money on software without resorting to piracy. Computer companies often offer discounts on new software if a person has previously purchased an earlier version of the software. Competition between companies also drives prices low and keeps the number of pirated copies down (Morgan 45). People eventually tire or outgrow their software and decide to sell it.

Mary Parker Follett Essay

The newest addition to the collection of books about Mary Parker Follett is a contribution by Joan C. Tonn entitled Mary P. Follett: Creating Democracy, Transforming Management (BUS stack HN57.T695 2003) The press release for this book is available here. Recently a new book about an older management theorist arrived in the Business Library. Published by the Harvard Business School Press, the contributors included Drucker, Mintzberg, Bennis and Kanter. Perhaps it was because the book was published by that press with comments by those people, that the subject attracted more attention than usual. The title of the book is Mary Parker Follett – Prophet of Management: A Celebration of Writings from the 1920s (BUS stack HD31.M334 1995) and the subject is obviously Follett who was a social theorist earlier in this century. A considerable amount has been written about Follett and her theories concerning organizations and management. Since the material is scattered over a long period and across different academic disciplines, this brief introduction and bibliography is designed to help you quickly find material relating to the â€Å"mother† of management theory. Obviously the place to begin is with the new collection of her writings mentioned above. It also contains evaluations of her positions, a useful epilogue by Paul Lawrence and a bibliography of Follett’s writings. For a brief biographical sketch see the appendix in Integrative Management: Creating Unity from Diversity, by Pauline Graham (HD 38.G68) as well as the essay by Graham in Mary Parker Follett – Prophet of Management (BUS stack HD 31.M334) which she edited. For an earlier biographical piece see Vol. 4 of theInternational Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, â€Å"Follett, Mary Parker† (DBW reference H 41.I58). The University of Western Ontario has a solid collection of material by and about Follett and there have been some works about her that were produced on this campus. In 1992, David Hurst wrote an article for Business Quarterly with the title: â€Å"Thoroughly Modern – Mary Parker Follett† (Vol. 56, No.4, Spring). Two masters theses have also originated here and they reflect the inter-disciplinary nature of Follett’s work: Science and Service: M.P. Follett and the Profession of Educational Administration by A.M.H. van den Heuvel (EDU stack AS42.L85.V265) and Mary Parker Follett: An Application of Her Management Theories to Educational Administration by Lorraine Vanderkerckhove (EDU stack AS 42.L85.V29). WORKS BY MARY PARKER FOLLETT Creative Experience (BUS stack BF 57.F6 1951; DBW stack BF 408.R67 1970) Dynamic Administration: The Collected Papers of Mary Parker Follett [electronic resource] (BUS stack HF 5547. F6). Weldon has an additional copy of the 1941 edition. Additional copies can be requested from storage, including 1 copy of the 1965 edition. Freedom & Co-ordination: Lectures in Business Organization (BUS stack HD 57.7.F66 1987). This work contains 6 lectures: â€Å"The Illusion of Final Authority†; â€Å"The Giving of Orders†; â€Å"The Basis of Authority†; â€Å"The Essentials of Leadership†; â€Å"Co-ordination† and â€Å"The Process of Control†. The last essay is also found in another volume available here at Western: Papers on the Science of Administration, ed. by Gulick and Urwick, p.159 (JF 1351.G8). The New State – Group Organization, the Solution for Popular Government (DBW stack JC336.F57 1918). The Speaker of the House of Representatives [electronic resource] (DBW stack JK 1411.F67 1896). For recent samples and discussions of Follett’s works see: Management Theory: From Taylorism to Japanization (BUS stack HD31.S22); Writing About Business and Industry (DBW stack HF5718.3.W74 1995);Management and Gender: Issues and Attitudes (BUS stack HD6054.4.U6K37 1994); Management and Organizational Behavior Classics (BUS stack HD31.M2917 1993); Great Writers on Organizations (DBW stack HM131.P74 1993); International Management Handbook (HD62.4.T47) and Classics of Organization Theory (DBW stack HD31.C56 1992). SELECTED WORKS ABOUT MARY PARKER FOLLETT In addition to some of the sources noted above, articles about Follett may be found by searching electronic databases such as Proquest. Articles that pre-date the electronic databases may be found by searching a variety of print indexes; some articles are noted below and others may be found quickly by looking at the M.A. theses noted above. Follett has also been the subject of many doctoral dissertations and they may be quickly located by searching Proquest’s Dissertations & Theses. Two dissertations that can be consulted are: Mary Parker Follett: Pioneer in Organizational Theory by Linda Brown (HD31.F667B76) and Scientific Management and Administrative Reform in Education†¦ by Kathleen Schwartz (HD 30.12.S39). â€Å"Sibyl of a Modern Science†, Business Week, Nov. 21, 1964, p.96 â€Å"Mary Parker Follett, Civic Leader Dies†, obituary, New York Times, Dec. 21, 1933, p.21, col.1 (DBWMFM AN 2.N5) â€Å"Mary Parker Follett: The Enduring Contribution†, Public Administration Review,Vol.28, No.6, 1968, p. 520 (DBWPER JK1.P85) â€Å"No occupation can make a more worthy appeal to the imagination either from the point of view of service it can perform, or from the tremendous interest in the job itself, than business management†. MPF. Mary Parker Follett Facts: Known for: pioneering ideas introducing human psychology and human relations into industrial management Occupation: social worker, management theory writer and speaker Dates: 1868-1933 Mary Parker Follett Biography: Modern management theory owes a lot to a nearly-forgotten woman writer, Mary Parker Follett. Mary Parker Follett was born in Quincy, Massachusetts. She studied at the Thayer Academy, Braintree, Massachusetts, where she credited one of her teachers with influencing many of her later ideas. In 1894, she used her inheritance to study at the Society for Collegiate Instruction of Women, sponsored by Harvard, going on to a year at Newnham College, Cambridge, in 1890. She studied on and off at Radcliffe as well, starting in the early 1890s. In 1898, Mary Parker Follett graduated summa cum laude from Radcliffe. Her research at Radcliffe was published in 1896 and again in 1909 as The Speaker of the House of Representatives. Mary Parker Follett began working in Roxbury as a voluntary social worker in 1900. In 1908 she became chair of the Women’s Municipal League Committee on Extended Use of School Buildings. In 1911, she and others opened the East Boston High School Social Center. She also helped found other social centers in Boston. In 1917, Mary Parker Follett took on the vice-presidency of the National Community Center Association, and in 1918 published her book on community, democracy, and government, The New State. Mary Parker Follett published another book, Creative Experience, in 1924, with more of her ideas about the creative interaction of people in group process. In 1926, she moved to England to live and work, and to study at Oxford. In 1928, Follett consulted with the League of Nations and with the International Labor Organization in Geneva. She lived in London from 1929 with Dame Katharine Furse of the Red Cross. In her later years, Mary Parker Follett became a popular writer and lecturer in the business world. She was a lecturer at the London School of Economics from 1933. Mary Parker Follett advocated for a human relations emphasis equal to a mechanical or operational empha sis in management. Her work contrasted with the â€Å"scientific management† of Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915) and evolved by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, which stressed time and motion studies. Mary Parker Follett stressed the interactions of management and workers. She looks at management and leadership holistically, presaging modern systems approaches; she identifies a leader as â€Å"someone who sees the whole rather than the particular.† Follett was one of the first (and for a long time, one of the few) to integrate the idea of organizational conflict into management theory, and is sometimes considered the â€Å"mother of conflict resolution.† In a 1924 essay, â€Å"Power,† she coined the words â€Å"power-over† and â€Å"power-with† to differentiate coercive power from participative decision-making, showing how â€Å"power-with† can be greater than â€Å"power-over.† â€Å"Do we not see now,† she observed, â€Å"that while there are many ways of gaining an external, an arbitrary power —- through brute strength, through manipulation, through diplomacy —- genuine power is always that which inheres in the situation?† Mary Parker Follett died in 1933 on a visit to Boston. After her death, her papers and speeches were compiled and published in 1942 in Dynamic Administration, and in 1995, Pauline Graham edited a compilation of her writing in Mary Parker Follett: Prophet of Management. The New State was reissued in a new edition in 1998 with helpful additional material. Her work was mostly forgotten in America, and is still largely neglected in studies of the evolution of management theory, despite the accolades of more recent thinkers like Peter Drucker. Peter Drucker called her the â€Å"prophet of management† and his â€Å"guru.†